Cilt:67 Sayı:03 (2020)
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Item Emerging details about COVID-19 and chronology of the pandemic in Turkey Yıl 2020, Cilt 67, Sayı 3, 323 - 332, 03.06.2020(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Göncüoğlu, Muammer; Ayaz, Naim; Cengiz, Görkem; Onaran, Bahar; Çufaoğlu, Gizem; Dil ve Tarih-Coğrafya FakültesiCoronaviruses are found in all mammalian and avian species. Due to its mild infection on upper respiratory tract, this virus was not considered as a serious human pathogen until the outbreaks of SARS-CoV and MERS-CoV in 2002 and 2012, respectively. Recently the third and the biggest outbreak of coronavirus “COVID-19” or “SARS-CoV-2” has erupted and the world is now in a struggle to combat this disease. Although everything has not yet been fully clarified about this new type of virus, the data obtained from the studies conducted so far provides guidance on how to deal with SARS-CoV-2. In this context, this review provides information about pathogenesis, clinical symptoms, presence in animals, potential transmission routes of SARS-CoV-2 as well as the detection methods used in the world and Turkey.Item Rapeseed and canola meal as protein sources in starter diets for calves: current knowledge and directions of future studies(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) GÓRKA, Paweł; PENNER, Gregory Brent; Veteriner FakültesiRapeseed and canola meal are not commonly used in starter diets for calves due to concerns over palatability and digestibility of the feed. The aim of this paper was to briefly summarize our knowledge on the effects of rapeseed and canola meal use in starter diets for calves, with particular emphasis on the period before and shortly after weaning, and the impact on feed intake, nutrient digestibility, body weight gain, and feed efficiency of calves. Possible strategies allowing for increased inclusion of rapeseed and canola meal use in calves’ nutrition were also suggested and briefly discussed.Item Effects of dried thyme (Thymus vulgaris L.) leaves on performance, some egg quality traits and immunity in laying hens(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Yalçın, Sakine; Yalçın, Suzan; Eser, Handan; Onbaşılar, İlyas; Veteriner FakültesiThe aim of the present study was to investigate the usage of thyme leaves and its effects on performance, some egg quality traits and humoral immunity in laying hens. A total of 108 laying hens aged 36 weeks were randomly assigned to three dietary groups for 16 weeks. Dried and ground (Thymus vulgaris L.) thyme leaves were used at the level of 0, 1 and 2% in the diets of groups. Feed intake, body weight, egg production, egg weight and egg quality characteristics were not affected by dietary thyme supplementation. Thyme supplementation at 2% resulted in beneficial effects in laying hens due to the lowering of yolk cholesterol and total saturated fatty acids concentration while increasing omega-3 fatty acids. Furthermore, the yolk malondialdehyde, blood serum cholesterol and triglycerides levels were reduced and antibody titers against SRBC were increased with 2% thyme supplementation. In conclusion, the results showed the antioxidative and hypolipidemic effects of thyme supplementation in laying hens along with improved humoral immune response without any negative effects on performance and egg quality characteristics.Item Non enzymatic isolation of adipose tissue and stromal vascular fraction derived cells(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Çerçi, Ece; Erdost, Hatice; Veteriner FakültesiThe therapeutic potential of the adipose tissue is also supported by a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), endothelial progenitor cells, mast cells, T- lymphocyte, B lymphocyte, and adipose-resident macrophages with repairing and regenerative ability. The purpose of this study was to compare adipose tissue derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) and stromal vascular fraction cells (SVF cells) in terms of the usage of non-enzymatic isolation, detection of cell adhesion, fibroblastoid cell formation, properties of cell population, cell culture duration until 3rd passages under in-vitro culture condition. We used 3 months old, 4 male Sprague Dawley rats (mean of live weight about 250 g) to examined the variation of the cell population, cell properties, phases of cellular formation, cell culturing time, subculturing duration, differences in confluency between SVF cells and ADSCs. In in-vitro expansion, ADSCs displayed higher rate of adhesiveness, homogenous cell population, faster proliferation and formation of fibroblast like cells compared to SVF cells. As a result, we showed that ADSCs have better adhesive ability, higher proliferative capacity in all of the 3 passages and require shorter time to reach confluency compared with SVF cells in vitro. These findings may contribute to future studies that deal with isolation and selection of stem cells from various tissues, as well as design clinical trials based on ADSCs and SVF cells.Item Effects of different chilling procedures on honey bees (Apis mellifera) for anesthesia(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Tutun, Hidayet; Sevin, Sedat; Çetintav, Bekir; Veteriner FakültesiImmobilization is required for the examination and manipulation of honey bees (Apis mellifera), and many techniques have been developed to render honey bees immobile until this date. Among them, two methods, which are carbon dioxide (CO2) and low-temperature narcosis, have been commonly used to induce anesthesia on the bees. Although CO2-induced anesthesia changes the behavior and physiology of honey bees, the anesthesia induced by cold is considered commonly as non-damaging for the bees. There are a very limited number of studies on the effects of different chilling protocols in honey bees. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of different chilling procedures on the survival rate and depth of anesthesia in honey bees. A total of 4 groups were formed, one of which was the control group. Three temperatures (+4°C, -20°C and -80°C) were applied to three different experimental groups. Furthermore, four different exposure times were implemented on each experimental group (n=20 worker bees in each trial). The depth of anesthesia was assessed and scored based on the movements and anesthesia recovery time in honeybees. There was a statistically significant relationship between duration and survival/death rate in the applications at +4°C, -20°C and -80°C (P<0.001). The method that was applied for 5 minutes at -20°C was the most ideal chilling method (P<0.03) and showed the lowest mortality in addition to the high depth of anesthesia. This study may assist in selecting the safest and deepest anesthesia method required in any study on honey bees.Item Effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant on quality, fermentation profile and nutritive value of alfalfa silage at different ensiling period(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Aktürk, Bünyamin; Gümüş, Hıdır; Veteriner FakültesiThe present study was carried out to investigate the effects of lactic acid bacteria inoculant on quality, fermentation profile and nutritive value of alfalfa silage at different fermentation periods. After harvesting, fresh alfalfa samples were packed into polyethylene film and the commercial lactic acid bacteria inoculant was used as silage additive. Totally of 21 silage packages were opened by weekly for the analysis. Smell, color, structure, and total scores of alflalfa silage were significantly increased from the first week. Silage quality was determined medium at 7th day; good between 14th and 42th days; excellent at 49th day. The Flieg point was gradually increased after d 28 of ensiling (P<0.05). While pH was reduced at 5.15; NH3-N/TN content of alfalfa silage was increased at 15.70% at the end of the study. We observed an increase in acetate concentration and decrease in propionate and butyrate concentrations in the alfalfa silage. Lactate concentration was significantly increased on day 35 of the fermentation (P<0.05). Crude fiber (CF), crude protein (CP), ether extract (EE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) contents of alfalfa silage were decreased, whereas nitrojen free extract (NFE) and non-fiber carbohydrate (NFC) were increased during ensiling period. According to our findings, fermentation period had a significant effect on digestible dry matter, dry matter intake and relative feed value of alfafa silage (P<0.05).Item The effects of dietary eggshell with membrane and olive leaf extract supplementation on performance, carcass characteristics and some biochemical parameters of quails exposed to heat stress(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Erişir, Zeki; Özçelik, Mehtap; Azman, Mehmet Ali; Veteriner FakültesiThis study was conducted to investigate the effects of eggshells with membrane (ESM), the eggshells with membrane that had absorbed olive leaf extract (ESM+OLE) and olive leaf extract (OLE) additives on the performance, immunity, and oxidant-antioxidant metabolism of Japanese quails exposed to heat stress. In the experiment, a total of 128 fifteen-day-old quails were divided into 4 groups with 4 replicates. The control group was fed with a maize-soybean based basal diet; the ESM group was fed with a basal diet supplemented with 2% ESM; the ESM+OLE group was fed with a basal diet consisting of 2% ESM and 200 ppm olive leaf extract and the OLE group was fed with a basal diet supplemented with 200 ppm olive leaf extract. At the end of the study, carcass characteristics and blood parameters were determined. The highest daily body weight gain and the lowest feed conversion ratio were observed in the OLE group (P<0.05). OLE was added into feed, MDA levels in the liver and heart decreased significantly (P<0.001), whereas, GSH-Px and SOD activities in both tissues alongside the GSH levels in the heart increased significantly (P<0.001). The ESM was found to significantly reduce liver MDA levels (P<0.001), and increase GSH-Px activity in both tissues, along with SOD activity and GSH levels in the heart (P<0.001). Consequently, the addition of ESM and OLE to the diets positively affected daily body weight gain, serum triglyceride, liver, and heart tissue MDA levels in the quails exposed to heat stress.Item Phylogenetic analysis of partial transmembrane protein gene of canine coronaviruses detected in Turkey(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Yoldar, Zeynep Akkutay; Koç, B. Taylan; Oğuzoğlu, T. Çiğdem; Veteriner FakültesiCanine coronaviruses (CCoVs), a member of the family Coronaviridae, are the causative agents of acute gastroenteritis and are genetically divided into two groups, CCoV type I and CCoV type II. The aim of this study was to detect and characterize CCoV strains in fecal samples from six dogs exhibited gastrointestinal system symptoms. To determine the presence of the CCoV RNA, samples were tested by the reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) assay targeting the partial M gene and then sequenced. Among six samples tested, two were found positive for CCoV RNA. Phylogenetic analysis was performed by Maximum-Likelihood (ML) method and revealed that one of the obtained field sequences was classified into CCoV-I genotype; and the other positive sample grouped in CCoV-II genotype. Both genogroups demonstrated broad genetic diversity. Phylogenetic analysis of amino acid sequences shows that our CCoV field strains was closely related to Italy and Brazil strains and placed on different genogroup clades in the CCoV cluster. Sequence comparison of the partial M gene revealed nucleotide identity of 71–100% and 68–100% similarity among the 25 coronavirus strains. TR/Ccv2 (MK636864) and TR/Ccv6 (MK636865) obtained in this study demonstrated 78.5-97.5% and 71–99% nucleotide identity with other CCoV strains around the world respectively. The results of the study demonstrate, CCoV strains from different genogroups are circulating in Turkey and this is a report on the phylogenetic analysis of a CCoV in Turkey, which there is limited information.Item Determination of the levels of serum oxidative indicator, cytokine and some biochemical parameters in horses naturally infected with Theileria equi(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Özdek, Uğur; Oğuz, Bekir; Kömüroğlu, Ahmet Ufuk; Değer, Yeter; Veteriner FakültesiEquine theileriosis is considered as a serious problem because of harmful effects on the health and performance of equids. Despite the importance of this disease, there are few studies in related to clinical pathologic changes in equine theileriosis especially in horses. In this study, the oxidative stress biomarkers, cytokines, enzymes, lipid profile, electrolytes, minerals and some metabolites were evaluated in horses naturally infected with Theileria equi (n=22) and healthy (n=7). In infected horses, the serum concentrations of MDA, IFN-γ, total protein, globulin, bilirubin (total, direct, indirect), triglyceride, glucose, iron, chloride, sodium and copper with enzyme activities of ALP, AST and GGT were found significantly higher, however concentrations of GSH, albumin, total cholesterol, HDL, TIBC, calcium, phosphorus, magnesium, potassium, zinc and manganese with enzyme activity of CAT were found lower when compared to the healthy horses (P<0.05). The changes in TNF-α, creatinine, urea and LDL concentrations were not statistically significant (P>0.05).The results indicate that there are significant changes in the oxidative indicator, cytokine, and biochemical parameters of horses in T. equi infection and that these changes may be useful in the evaluation of the diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of theileriosis. In addition, comprehensive studies are needed to better understand the role of cytokines in the pathogenesis of theileriosis.Item Effects of probiotics on in vitro ruminal profile and population of some cellulolytic bacteria(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Sızmaz, Özge; Çalık, Ali; Gümüş, Hıdır; Güntürkün, Oğuz Berk; Sızmaz, Serdar; Yıldız, Gültekin; Veteriner FakültesiThe aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of probiotic on ruminal pH, ammonia nitrogen, production of short chain fatty acids (SCFA) and number of Ruminococcus albus and Ruminococcus flavefaciens. The probiotics blend was tested in vitro for 48 h incubation using “Hohenheim Formation Test” (HFT). There was no interaction effect of the treatment and incubation time on the ruminal pH and ammonia-nitrogen concentration. A supplemental probiotics blend tended to increase the total SCFA concentration in comparison to the non-supplemented control fermenter fluids (P> 0.05). There was a significant interaction effect of the treatment groups and incubation time on butyrate (P=0.042), valerate (P=0.045) and isovalerate (P= 0.028) concentrations. Total protozoa and total bacteria numbers were higher in probiotics supplemented fluid than in non-supplemented control fluid (P<0.001 and P<0.01, respectively). Dietary supplementation of a probiotics blend to the fermenters did not influence (P>0.05) the number of copies of R. albus. However, population of R. flavafaciens was lower (P<0.01) in the probiotic supplemented group as compared with the non-supplemented control group. Our results showed that the probiotics blend might modulate both microbial metabolic activity and population of ruminal microorganisms.Item Chemical and microbiological quality of donkey milk(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Tavşanlı, Hakan; Gökmen, Mukadderat; Önen, Adem; Veteriner FakültesiThe aim of this study was to investigate the chemical and microbiological quality of raw milk samples collected from clinically healthy appearance donkeys, which raised in two different donkey farm in Balıkesir province of Turkey. In this study, a total of 78 raw milk samples collected from 26 donkeys. The average dry matter, protein, fat and lactose value of raw donkey milk samples in farm 1 and 2 was determined as 8.89%, 8.79%; 1.57% and 1.47%; 0.70%, 0.45%, 6.48% and 6.06%, respectively. The average total aerobic mesophilic bacteria and somatic cell counts in farm 1 and 2 were found as 3.88 and 4.50 log CFU/mL, 3461 and 13000 cells/mL, respectively. The average counts of Staphylococcus-Micrococcus spp., coliform bacteria, Lactobacillus spp. and Lactococcus spp. in farm 1 and 2 were detected as 2.66 and 2.33 log CFU/mL, 1.5 and 1.7 log CFU/mL, 2.16 and 3.30, 4.32 and 5.12 log CFU/mL, respectively. Statistical differences were observed between farms in terms of both fat and lactose values and microbiological parameters (P<0.05), except for coliform bacteria. The presence of indicator microorganisms in the raw donkey milk can be indicative of the presence of foodborne pathogens. Raw donkey milk is mostly consumed by cancer patients due to its anticancerogenic effect. Therefore, raw donkey milk may pose a risk for cancer patients and public health. As a result, a solid hygiene policy must be applied in the production of donkey milk, and fresh milk should be stored below the refrigerator temperature.Item The effect of sodium bentonite on growth performance and some blood parameters in post-weaning Tuj breed lambs(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Aydın, Özlem Durna; Merhan, Oğuz; Yıldız, Gültekin; Veteriner FakültesiThe purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sodium bentonite supplementation on fattening performance and some blood parameters in Tuj lambs. In the study, 18 male lambs were divided into 3 groups. While the control group was fed with basal ration, the experimental groups were fed with sodium bentonite supplementation 1% and 2% dose in addition to the basal ration. On the 0th, 15th, and 30th days of the study, there was no statistically significant difference between groups in terms of mean live weights, live weight gain, daily live weight gain, daily feed consumption and feed conversion ratio (P>0.05). On the 45th day of the study, the difference between the groups in terms of live weight gain, daily live weight gain and feed conversion ratio were statistically found significant (P<0.05). The difference between glutathione peroxidase (GPx), glutathione (GSH), ceruloplasmin, albumin, total protein and globulin values of Tuj breed lambs were not statistically significant (P>0.05).The use of sodium bentonite in Tuj breed lambs was statistically found significant in terms of malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase enzyme activities (CAT) (P <0.05). In conclusion, the use of sodium bentonite in Tuj lambs positively affected fattening performance. When the blood antioxidant parameters were examined, increase in SOD and CAT values was protective against oxidative damage in lambs used sodium bentonite. However, the increase in MDA value has doubted the safety sodium bentonite use in lambs.Item Antimicrobial activity of Thymbra spicata L. essential oil in Turkish dry fermented sausages(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Al, Serhat; yıldırım, Yeliz; Veteriner FakültesiEssential oils (EO) could address the need for alternative additives for food producers to maintain safety and quality of meat products. The aim of this study was to evaluate antimicrobial activity of Thymbra spicata L. subsb. spicata EO on Escherichia coli and Salmonella Typhimurium in Turkish dry fermented sausage (sucuk). Antimicrobial activity of EO, obtained from the collected plant, has been demonstrated in vitro and in sucuk matrices against selected foodborne pathogens. In the composition of the essential oil obtained in the study, total of 47 components (99.41%) were assayed including mainly carvacrol (43.6%), ɣ-terpinene (16.69%) and p-cymen (13.97%). Thymbra spicata L. observed to have antimicrobial effect on the related pathogens in vitro however, increased amount of EO use, to be antimicrobiologically effective in sucuk, negatively affected the organoleptic properties. It is concluded that natural additives could potentially be used as an alternative to chemicals in food technology to prevent foodborne diseases and to extend the shelf life of products. Further studies are needed to evaluate the combined and synergetic effects of different EOs and other preservation methods to cope with foodborne pathogens in the food matrices.Item Determination of mineral concentrations in stem and seed of Juncus acutus(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Erdem, Funda; Çetinkaya, Nurcan; Veteriner FakültesiThe objective of this study was to determine micro and macro mineral concentrations in stem and seed of Juncus acutus for ruminant nutrition. The samples of Juncus acutus stem and seed were randomly collected from Kizilirmak Delta, Samsun, Turkey. Micro and macro mineral concentrations of samples were analyzed by using an inductively coupled plasma mass spectrophotometer (ICP-MS) and ion chromatography (IC) methods, respectively. Differences between mean concentrations of B, Al, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn and Se in stem and seed of Juncus acutus samples were significant (P<0.05). The mean values of Al, Cr, Fe, Co, Ni and Se for stem of Juncus acutus were higher than values for seed of Juncus acutus but, the mean values of Mn, Cu and Zn for seed of Juncus acutus were higher than stem of Juncus acutus (P<0.05). The concentrations of Na, K and Ca in stem were higher than seed of Juncus acutus. On the other hand, the concentration of Mg for seed of Juncus acutus were higher than stem of Juncus acutus (P<0.05). In conclusion, the obtained results show that stem and seed of Juncus acutus may be a good source to meet the micro and macro mineral requirements of ruminant animals. Besides, the seeds of Juncus acutus may also provide micro and macro minerals to birds in wetlands.Item Distribution of Salmonella serovars and characterization of isolates in cattle feces and environmental samples(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Çakin, Melih; Kahraman, Beren Başaran; Sığırcı, Bilge Diren; Bağcıgil, Arzu Funda; Veteriner FakültesiIn this study, it was aimed to identify the presence of Salmonella serovars, and investigate the antibiotic susceptibility of isolates and the presence of certain virulence factors in the samples collected from cattle feces and environmental samples. Fecal and environmental swab samples were regularly collected from five different dairy cattle farms for a period of one year, once in each season. Totally, 425 fecal samples from animals, 21 of which had diarrhea and 400 environmental samples were examined for Salmonella spp.. While no Salmonella spp. was isolated from the environmental samples, Salmonella spp. was isolated from three (0.36%) of the fecal samples. All isolates were isolated from a single farm and they were sampled in autumn. Two strains were serotyped as S. Kottbus and the other as S. Lindenburg. All serovars were found to be sulfamethoxazole-resistant, while susceptible to cefoxitin, nalidixic acid, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, enrofloxacin, ciprofloxacin, ceftriaxone, ceftiofur and amoxicillin-clavulanic acid. While mgtC, misL and invA were detected in all isolates, no pefA was detected. stn was detected in S. Lindenburg and one of S. Kottbus, whereas the spvA was detected only in S. Lindenburg. Presence of isolation only in one of the five farms and the low isolation rates were associated with a good level of biosecurity measures in the area where the study was conducted. Salmonella spp. isolation from healthy animals apart from animals with diarrhea was found to be important in terms of the role that persistently infected animals can play in the spread of the agent.Item A note on the opening date of the İstanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine(Ankara Üniversitesi, 2020-06-03) Dinçer, Ferruh; Gül, Raziye Tamay Başağaç; Veteriner FakültesiA note on the opening date of the İstanbul University Faculty of Veterinary Medicine